Medical

Tuberculosis remains one of Africa's most significant infectious disease burdens, and while substantial progress has been made in expanding diagnosis and treatment access, drug-resistant tuberculosis and the interaction with HIV present ongoing challenges for control programs. General educational information only.

Non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory conditions are rising rapidly in African populations, creating an expanding health burden that health systems designed primarily for infectious disease are not fully prepared to manage. General educational purposes only.